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- COVER STORIES, Page 42SCIENCE AND GODGalileo and Other Faithful Scientists
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- By RICHARD N. OSTLING - With reporting by John Moody/Rome and
- Amany Radwan/Cairo
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- Popes rarely apologize. So it was big news in October
- when John Paul II made a speech vindicating Galileo Galilei. In
- 1633 the Vatican put the astronomer under house arrest for
- writing, against church orders, that the earth revolves around
- the sun. The point of the papal statement was not to concede the
- obvious fact that Galileo was right about the solar system.
- Rather, the Pope wanted to restore and honor Galileo's standing
- as a good Christian. In the 17th century, said the Pope,
- theologians failed to distinguish between belief in the Bible
- and interpretation of it. Galileo contended that the Scriptures
- cannot err but are often misunderstood. This insight, said John
- Paul, made the scientist a wiser theologian than his Vatican
- accusers. More than a millennium before Galileo, St. Augustine
- had taught that if the Bible seems to conflict with "clear and
- certain reasoning," the Scriptures obviously need
- reinterpretation.
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- The Pope's speech was the latest episode in the age-old
- struggle to reconcile science and religion. The year's most
- intriguing book about God was produced not by theologians but
- by 60 world-class scientists, 24 Nobel prizewinners among them.
- Cosmos, Bios, Theos gives their thoughts on the Deity and the
- origin of the universe and of life on earth. For instance, the
- co-editor, Yale physicist Henry Margenau, concludes that there
- is "only one convincing answer" for the intricate laws that
- exist in nature: creation by an omnipotent, omniscient God.
- While many scientists are skeptics or are still seeking their
- own theologies, others are true believers -- not just in some
- mysterious cosmic force but in the God of the Bible or the
- Koran.
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- Religious leaders generally value scientists, whether
- believers or not, for their curious bent and careful
- explorations of the mechanisms behind the Almighty's work.
- Though determined Fundamentalists adhere to creationism, most
- Christian denominations no longer demand strictly literal
- interpretation of the Genesis creation account. Catholicism
- encourages pursuit of scientific knowledge but opposes certain
- applications, from artificial contraceptives to human genetic
- engineering.
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- Some scholars bridge the gap between religion and science
- in the mode of Gregor Mendel, the 19th century Austrian monk
- who discovered basic laws of heredity. Stanley Jaki of New
- Jersey's Seton Hall University is both priest and physicist. He
- believes that science can describe the Big Bang beginning of the
- universe but is incapable of fathoming the ultimate origins of
- matter and energy, which will always come under the realm of
- religion. George Coyne, a Jesuit astrophysicist who directs the
- Vatican Observatory, warns against reducing science to religion,
- or vice versa. For instance, when the Big Bang theory was brand
- new, Pope Pius XII wrote that "scientists are beginning to find
- the finger of God in the creation of the universe." Coyne
- thinks the Pope was wrong to "take a scientific conclusion and
- interpret it in favor of supporting a theological doctrine."
- Working scientists "don't need God for our scientific
- understanding of the universe," he says, because "we don't
- pretend to have all the ultimate answers."
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- Judaism has been a fertile breeding ground for scientists,
- many of whom have no difficulty squaring their work and their
- faith. In his 1990 book Genesis and the Big Bang, Israeli
- nuclear physicist Gerald L. Schroeder argues in detail that
- there is no contradiction between the Bible's account of
- creation and current science. Schroeder also notes that the
- Ramban, the great medieval commentator on Scripture, had the
- remarkably modern insight that at the moment after creation, all
- the matter in the universe must have been concentrated in a tiny
- speck.
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- Though Islam has factions hostile to science, it has
- spawned quite a few of its own researchers. Mustafa Mahmoud, an
- Egyptian physician, is host of the TV show Science and Religion
- and operates an education-and-research complex built around a
- mosque. In Islam, properly understood, Mahmoud contends, "if a
- believer ignores science and knowledge, he is not a true
- believer." Sounding like St. Augustine, Mahmoud says that "God,
- the creator of the universe, can never be against learning the
- laws of what he has created."
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- But he might get a strong argument from America's
- Protestant creationists, who still insist that life on earth was
- created about 10,000 years ago and that a Flood engulfed the
- entire planet. In recent decades, creationists promoted their
- own brand of science and even persuaded a few state legislatures
- to decree that schools give Fundamentalist theories equal time
- with Darwin's evolution. Those laws were eventually struck down
- by the U.S. Supreme Court.
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- Opposing the creationists is a group of devout, mostly
- Protestant scientists who are also conservative but willing to
- consider evidence for evolution. They are organized into the
- American Scientific Affiliation, based in Ipswich,
- Massachusetts, which counts nearly 1,000 Ph.D.s among its
- members. The A.S.A. has distributed 100,000 copies of a booklet
- urging schoolteachers to be aware of the unanswered scientific
- questions about Darwinism and to avoid slipping in the
- unwarranted assumption that evolution in effect displaces God.
- A.S.A. executive director Robert Herrmann, a biochemist, advises
- fellow Bible believers to remain open to "evolution as the
- process the Creator may have used to bring life and mind into
- being."
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- For Harvard astrophysicist Owen Gingerich, an Evangelical
- Protestant, the real choice is not "creation or evolution" at
- all, but "purpose or accident." Like millions of ordinary folk,
- he says, "I passionately believe in a universe with purpose,
- though I cannot prove it." Purpose, like origin, is a point
- where the wisdom of empirical science ends and the quest for
- religious faith begins.
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